How to increase production and increase efficiency of grain and oil crops? Recently, the reporter learned that the National Agricultural Technology Center, together with the Expert Steering Group of Scientific Fertilization and Water-saving Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, has selected five practical technical models for increasing fertilizer and water production and increasing efficiency, which are suitable for the production of grain and oil crops such as rice, wheat and corn. The arrangement is as follows, for the reference of farmers.
The foliar fertilization technology model of "one spray and more promotion" for grain and oil crops
This model is suitable for grain and oil crops such as rice, corn, soybean, etc. In view of the realistic scenes such as late fertilizer removal, high temperature and drought, scanty rain, and occurrence of diseases and pests, water-soluble fertilizers, stress-resistant agents, regulators, pesticides and fungicides are scientifically mixed and sprayed as needed to promote the stable growth of strong seedlings, post-disaster recovery, grain filling maturity, yield increase and pest control.
The technical points are as follows: firstly, the fertilizer is carefully selected, and the quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, water-soluble fertilizer with large elements and medium and trace elements are selected for the later supplementary fertilizer; Water-soluble fertilizers containing humic acid, amino acids and trace elements are selected for adjusting nutrition; The growth regulator can be brassinolide, triacontanol, indolebutyric acid, etc. Apply pesticides according to the occurrence of pests and diseases. Fertilizer products should be registered or put on record by the agricultural and rural departments. The second is to optimize the combination. Neutral or acidic fertilizers can be directly mixed with pesticides with similar pH values, and mixing tests should be carried out before mixing alkaline fertilizers with pesticides. The third is efficient spraying, using modern equipment such as unmanned aerial vehicle, high gap spray bar sprayer and vehicle-mounted stretcher to spray.
Technical model of "lateral deep fertilization" for rice
Integrate lateral deep fertilization, remote sensing diagnosis, and drone topdressing, give full play to the advantages of agricultural machinery and agronomy, and accurately control the dosage of fertilizer varieties, the proportion of nutrient forms and the timing of fertilization, so as to realize mechanized and precise fertilization in the whole growth period.
Technical points: First, the variety of base fertilizer is optimized, and the special formula fertilizer for slow (controlled) release is selected, which has uniform particles and moderate hardness and is convenient for machine application. Secondly, fertilization and transplanting should be synchronized, and the fertilizer should be evenly and quantitatively applied to the sides of the seedlings with a depth of 4-6 cm, and the nutrients are concentrated in the root zone, which is sufficient and easy to absorb. The third is intelligent nutrition diagnosis, and multi-spectral remote sensing diagnosis is carried out in the middle and late stage to guide the UAV to apply fertilizer accurately, efficiently and as needed, supplement nutrition in the later stage, enhance photosynthesis, enhance stress resistance, prevent premature aging, protect big ears, increase grain weight and achieve high yield.
Technical mode of "mechanical deep application+topdressing by drone+one spraying and three prevention" for wheat
Integrate seed and fertilizer sowing together, "one spraying and three prevention" technology, subsoiling layered fertilization seeder, unmanned aerial vehicle and other equipment, supporting slow (controlled) release of fertilizer, overall planning of base fertilizer topdressing, combination of quick-acting slow release and compatibility of nutrient forms, and solve the problems of large loss of base fertilizer and premature aging in the later stage.
Key technical points: First, mechanical deep application, selecting slow (controlled) release new fertilizers, rotary tillage after spreading, the depth is more than 20 cm, or adopting simultaneous sowing of seeds and fertilizers to ensure nutrient supply and promote root growth. Second, the drone topdressing, according to the situation of wheat seedlings, strengthen fertilizer operation, focusing on topdressing wheat fields that are frozen in early spring and weak seedlings in late sowing to promote growth and improve tillering. The third is to spray three defenses, mixed with water-soluble fertilizers, regulators, pesticides and fungicides, etc., to increase grain size and weight, and prevent pests and diseases.
Technical model for increasing yield of ultra-deep subsoiling maize in dryland by one-step layered fertilization
Integrate key technologies such as super subsoiling and three-layer fertilization to effectively solve long-term problems such as weak root system and late fertilization.
Technical points: First, ultra-deep loosening is increased from 25-30 cm to 50 cm, breaking the bottom of the plow, fully storing natural precipitation, and promoting the root to be tied to 50 cm. The second is layered fertilization. The fertilization depth is divided into three layers: shallow, medium and deep. The seed fertilizer depth is 8 cm, the middle fertilizer depth is 16 cm, and the deep fertilizer depth is 28 cm. The common compound fertilizer is replaced by functional fertilizers with long-term effect and root growth promotion, so as to realize accurate supply of nutrients.
Production technology model of bill of lading with integrated water and fertilizer for corn drip irrigation
On the basis of drip irrigation water and fertilizer integration technology, measures such as compact and dense varieties, reasonable close planting, dripping seedling emergence, chemical control and lodging prevention and control of pests and diseases are integrated.
Key technical points: First, crop density is increased by more than 30% by strengthening water and fertilizer supply support, from less than 5,000 plants to more than 6,500 plants. Second, the coupling of water and fertilizer, drip with fertilizer after sowing to promote the whole seedling to be strong, supply water and fertilizer on demand, in stages, in a balanced and accurate way throughout the whole process, and move nitrogen and potassium backward to ensure that fertilizer is not removed in the later stage. Third, chemical control and lodging prevention, planting plots with high density, overgrowth and easy lodging, using special chemical control agents during 6-8 leaves spreading to enhance lodging resistance and drought resistance, and realize short stalks, large ears and high yield of crops.