标签： 松江大学城快餐服务

Graphene material can make a mobile phone charge an electric car in three minutes.

　　Not long ago, Tsinghua University’s research team released an invention of "Smart Graphene artificial larynx", which makes use of the advantages of porous graphene materials to create an integrated acoustic device that is transceivable and wearable, and is expected to solve the "speaking" problem of deaf people in the future.

　　Internationally, researchers from institutions such as Cambridge University reported that they found a new way to "awaken" the superconductivity of graphene, and the awakened graphene can be used to manufacture supercomputers.

　　Graphene is the hottest new material at present. In the aviation field, people use "rare elements" to describe materials that are as light as air and as hard as steel. Previously, titanium alloy was considered as the ideal choice closest to this quality, while "rising star" graphene was considered as a step closer to the "rare element" of human dreams.

　　What is graphene?

　　At present, the thinnest, lightest and strongest material in the world is 100 times harder than the strongest steel.

　　Like diamond, graphite is a form of carbon. The difference is that, due to the different atomic structures, diamond is the hardest thing on earth, while graphite is one of the softest minerals, which are often made into graphite rods and pencil lead. Graphene is stripped from graphite material and only consists of a layer of carbon atoms on the plane.

　　It can be said that one of the characteristics of graphene is its thinnest material in the world, which is only one atom thick, about 0.3 nanometer, which is one-hundredth of the thickness of A4 paper and one-fifth of the thickness of hair. At the same time, it can conduct electricity, and the movement speed of electrons in graphene reaches 1000 km/s, which is 1/300 of the speed of light. Thin, strong, conductive and thermal … … These characteristics of graphene give people a lot of imagination.

　　Dr. Kong Yuechan, deputy director of the Key Laboratory of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Monolithic Integration and Modular Circuits of China Electric Power Department, said that the hardness of graphene is very strong, 100 times stronger than the strongest steel now; Graphene’s electron running speed is also very high, 10 times that of silicon, which is very suitable for developing the next generation of UHF electronic devices. In addition, graphene is also a master of heat conduction, which is 10 times stronger than the most thermally conductive metal silver.

　　The characteristics of graphene are also very "fun". For example, when a drop of water rolls on the surface of graphene, graphene can keenly "perceive" subtle movements and generate continuous current. This characteristic provides scientists with a new idea to obtain electric energy from the flow of water.

　　"Graphene can sense a single electron, and the movement of charged particles on the surface of graphene can cause the electrons in graphene to move rapidly, realizing the sensing and power generation process." Lin Shisheng, an associate professor at the School of Information and Electronic Engineering of Zhejiang University, said that this feature of graphene can be used in many applications in energy and electronic sensing, such as using an umbrella coated with graphene to generate electricity in rainy days, or making it into a sensitive sensing device.

　　It is these comprehensive properties that make graphene attract unprecedented attention, and some people even begin to predict that the appearance of graphene will lead an industrial revolution triggered by material progress.

　　How to obtain graphene

　　For the first time in the world, a single layer of graphene was obtained by "sticking" it with transparent glue.

　　The first time people got graphene, they used a "simple and rude" method.

　　Graphene itself exists in nature. Graphene is a thin layer of carbon atoms, and a hexagonal ring is formed between the atoms, and the rings are connected to form a honeycomb plane. It is graphite when stacked layer by layer, and graphite with a thickness of 1 mm contains about 3 million layers of graphene. Pencil lightly across the paper, leaving traces that may be several to dozens of layers of graphene. Previously, this two-dimensional structure of carbon has always existed in people’s conjecture, but it is difficult to peel off the single-layer structure. The key problem is how to stratify graphite into extremely thin slices.

　　Many people also had this experience when they were students. When they wrote typos on paper, they would use transparent tape to stick the typos off. But no one thought that it was such a simple method that people discovered the mysterious graphene.

　　To make graphene, simply speaking, it is necessary to thin graphite, not by cutting, not by grinding, but by sticking. In 2004, Heim and Novoselov of the University of Manchester in the United Kingdom repeatedly stuck and tore a graphite sheet with transparent adhesive, and the thickness of the graphite sheet gradually decreased, eventually forming graphene with a thickness of only 0.335 nm, that is, graphene with an atomic thickness. This is the first time in the world to get a single layer of graphene, so two scientists won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics.

　　Dr. Wu Yun, a senior engineer in the Key Laboratory of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Monolithic Integration and Modular Circuits of 55 China Electric Power Institute, gave a demonstration to the reporter. He stuck a small piece of graphite on the tape and then tore it overlapping. After sticking for half an hour, the tape was covered with gray graphite, and then the graphite was transferred to a clean silicon wafer with tape.

　　Wu Yun said, what we saw at this time was not graphene, because graphene is not only very thin, but also has a light transmittance of over 97%, which is almost completely transparent, and people can’t see it at all. To find it, we have to use special technical means. But this is already a multi-layer graphite sheet, and then the number of layers can be located and determined by technical means, and finally the single-layer graphene can be found.

　　Experts say that this is just the initial method of producing graphene. The mechanical stripping method, which evolved from the adhesive tape paper sticking method, is just a method for preparing graphene in the laboratory. At present, with the technological progress, high-quality graphene can be produced more.

　　What will graphene bring?

　　Using graphene material, the screen of mobile phone can be easily bent or even folded.

　　The appearance of graphene is expected to bring surprises to our lives. Mobile phone charging can be "second charging", mobile phone screen can be easily bent or even folded, and cars can use graphene static conductive tires to avoid deflagration caused by friction electrification … … From aerospace and electronic information to energy conservation and environmental protection, great changes are likely to take place in many fields by using the characteristics of graphene.

　　Using graphene instead of silicon can improve the performance of electronic chips. Researchers are currently introducing the production and application of graphene into the semiconductor industry, and the technological revolution triggered by graphene is likely to start with our common small chips.

　　The basic material of electronic chips is silicon. However, with the increasing density of components on the chip, the distance between the two components on the top chip is less than 10 nanometers, almost reaching the limit of silicon materials. What should I do if I want to continue to improve my performance? Researchers began to try to partially replace the role of silicon with graphene.

　　"Devices made of graphene can theoretically reach ten times or even hundreds of times the frequency of silicon, which can be applied to radar and greatly improve the resolution of radar. Moreover, it is widely used in communication and imaging. " Kong Yuechan said, moreover, the current R&D and production equipment of graphene is the same as that of ordinary semiconductor equipment, and the existing technology development can be based on mature equipment and processes, laying the foundation for subsequent engineering development.

　　Researchers are still doing another big thing. They attached graphene to a gold foil with a thickness of only 50 nanometers, and then used a new method to completely transfer graphene to a soft plastic sheet.

　　Kong Yuechan said that graphene can be transferred to any substrate that researchers want through flexible methods, such as a special plastic substrate for electronic devices, which is flexible and suitable for the preparation process of transistors. Through the special graphene transfer technology, the gold foil with graphene is attached to the plastic sheet, and based on this, electronic devices with certain functions are prepared on this plastic sheet. Most importantly, such electronic devices can be easily bent. In the future, whether it is a foldable display screen or a wearable device that can be implanted into the human body, it may be realized by such graphene devices.

　　Another highly anticipated application field of graphene is the storage of electric energy. In Tianjin Electric Power Research Institute, researchers here are conducting research on the most advanced capacitors. Capacitors, like batteries, can be used to store electric energy. Its advantage lies in its fast charging speed, which can be fully charged in a few minutes and can be reused for tens of thousands of times. But it doesn’t store as much electricity as a battery, and it can’t be used in life by storing enough electricity.

　　"This is the slurry made of modified graphene. Next, we will apply these slurries to aluminum foil through a coater and become the positive electrode for our graphene capacitor." Dr. Ding Fei, executive deputy director of 18 National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratories of Chemical and Physical Power Technology in China Electric Power Department, said that capacitor materials have a vital impact on the performance of capacitors. Through the further modification of graphene materials, researchers are making the storage capacity of capacitors closer to the battery step by step, and at the same time, its ultra-fast charging speed can bring more convenience to people’s lives. "The modified graphene capacitor we are making can be fully charged in a few minutes, and its energy density is expected to be close to that of existing lithium batteries after a period of time."

　　Energy density refers to the amount of energy stored in a substance with a certain space or mass. The higher the energy density, the stronger the power storage capacity of this substance. According to Ding Fei, the energy density of the modified graphene capacitor they have developed has reached more than three times that of the traditional capacitor. Although it is still in the laboratory research stage, the powerful capabilities of graphene materials have enabled the R&D team to see the broad prospects for the application of modified graphene capacitors.

　　In the future, when the charging facilities are becoming more and more perfect, it may take two or three minutes for electric vehicles to fully charge with graphene batteries.

　　Gao Tao, director of No.55 Institute of China Electric Power Department and director of the Key Laboratory of Microwave and Millimeter Wave Monolithic Integration and Modular Circuits, believes that even under laboratory conditions, the magical properties of graphene have not been fully released. At the same time, there are still many challenges at the technical level, and there is still a long way to go for real large-scale application. However, by strengthening the combination of demand and research, important breakthroughs have been made in the preparation of graphene materials and device development. Graphene, a new generation of strategic emerging materials, will greatly change people’s lives.

　　Yu Jianbin Li Xiaohui Wujie

If a national treasure can talk, be a good woman and have a good jade phoenix： the legendary story of the eastern goddess of war three thousand years ago.

CCTV News:Her identity is better than Yang Guifei, her talent is better than Wu Zetian, and her martial arts is better than Mulan. She can be good at fighting and proficient in divination; She has been through many battles all her life and never lost, but such a person has been buried in the dust of history for more than 3000 years. Oracle Bone Inscriptions’s words show us an oriental goddess of war — — The queen of Wu Ding has a good wife. She and Wu Ding performed a romantic love story, and at the same time described the prosperous times of Wu Ding. Because of too few written records, the legendary story of women and men has become a mystery for thousands of years.

In the program "National Treasures", actress Tamia Liu plays the role of Fu Hao.

In "National Treasures", actress Tamia Liu plays the role of Fu Hao and tells the story of this legendary woman.

Yin Qi is a descendant of phoenix, and Yin Shang is a man’s world.

As a diligent and enlightened monarch in the middle of Shang Dynasty, Wu Ding’s era was called "Wu Ding Zhongxing". As a queen and a female general, it is no exaggeration to say that Muhao has taken on the cause of home and country with wisdom and strength, laid down half of the country and won the respect of all.

In life, she gave birth to children for Wu Ding. As a wife and mother, she is as warm as jade. A double-faced beauty who loves both arms and red makeup is a model of perfect women. It is this identity of lover, bosom friend and comrade-in-arms that when Fu Hao died at the age of thirty-three, Wu Ding was so sad that he buried her near the palace where he worked, and built a memorial hall on the tomb, Mother Xinzong, for himself and future generations to remember and worship. The descendants and other clans also buried a lot of heavy objects for her, even with the currency at that time, more than 6,800 seashells. Such rich funerary objects have left us with extremely rich cultural heritage. By coincidence, the tomb of Fu Hao is outside the tomb area, and it has become the only royal tomb of Shang Dynasty that can be completely preserved in Yin Ruins.

　Fuhao tomb site

The funerary objects in the Muhao Tomb are very rich, including 755 jade articles, 499 bone pieces, bronze mirrors, bone combs, exquisite ivory cups, bone carving knives, turquoise, malachite, agate beads and many small and lovely stone tools. We seem to see a woman who loves beauty and pays attention to the quality of life, elegant and graceful.

Numerous funerary objects in fuhao tomb

Numerous funerary objects in fuhao tomb

Among the many funerary jade articles unearthed from Fu Hao Tomb in Yin Ruins, Fu Hao Yu Feng is very representative. There are many legends and records of totems in Shang Dynasty, both in historical books and in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and most of their contents are related to the business of Xuanniao. Xuanniao is a mythical bird in ancient China myths and legends, from which the representative significance of Yufeng can be seen.

Fu Hao Yu Feng’s smooth lines, charming charm, sideways looking back and turning to her posture may be the favorite items of the queen Fu Hao of Shang King Wuding before her death. Many jade dragons have been unearthed from the tomb of Fu Hao in Yin Ruins, and Yufeng is the only one. Perhaps it was because Fu Hao was the most famous woman at that time.

Fu Hao Yu feng

"National Treasure Archives" was also broadcast.

"National Treasure Archives" has also broadcast the cultural relics unearthed in the tomb of Fu Hao.

As the favorite wife of Shang King, it’s probably not surprising to own these ornaments. Surprisingly, there are a number of funerary objects in the Muhao Tomb that the empresses of past dynasties didn’t have: hundreds of bronze weapons and a series of bronze ritual vessels. The most striking thing is this big cymbal, which symbolizes the military power of the country, with a good inscription. The queen is not a weak woman living in the harem. She is a woman who participates in state affairs, has a place in a patriarchal society and speaks with strength. Fu Hao was good at fighting before her death, often presided over various large-scale sacrifices, had her own fief, was economically independent, and also paid tribute to the Shang royal family.

Weapons buried in the tomb of a good woman

Weapons buried in the tomb of a good woman

Weapons buried in the tomb of a good woman

Bronze weapons buried in the tomb of a good woman

Buried in the tomb of a good woman

Bronze sacrificial vessels buried in the tomb of a good woman

　A symbol of the country's military power, the inscription is good for women.

　A symbol of the country’s military power, the inscription is good for women.

　Even in the more than 10,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed from Yin Ruins in Anyang, she was mentioned more than 200 times, including her campaign, childbirth, illness, and even asking how she was after her death.

　

Speaking of women’s good Oracle bone tablets

More than 6,800 seashells were used as funerary objects for women.

　

Rich words and relics make us have the honor to know such a legendary woman more than 3,000 years ago. The good jade phoenix is just like her beautiful charm, fixed on the historical landscape and admired by future generations.

Tip: the origin of the dark bird business

According to Historical Records, Xia is a descendant of the dragon, and Yin Qi, who helped Dayu control the water, is a descendant of Feng. Judie, Yin Qi’s mother, ate the eggs of a mysterious bird (that is, a phoenix) while taking a bath outdoors, and got pregnant and gave birth to a contract, that is, the so-called "mysterious bird was born in heaven". When she grew up, she helped Dayu to control water, and later became the ancestor of Yin Shang, so the Yin people claimed to be the descendants of the phoenix. At the beginning of this article, "Yin Qi is the descendants of the phoenix" came from this. Yin Shang believed in mysterious birds, so there were many ever-changing phoenix patterns cast on the bronzes of Shang Dynasty.

Accident! The two new naturalizations of the national football team staged a derby showdown in Europe, representing China’s debut as soon as next year.

A few days ago, in the Dutch Cup, two popular naturalized national football players, Fizezhan Tianle and Yang Rui Anshang, played an alternative derby, in which Fizezhan Tianle started and played for the team for 90 minutes. Yang Ruian only got the chance to come off the bench in the 73rd minute. Fei Cizhan-Tianle and Yang Ruian are both Chinese players. As long as they are willing to be naturalized by the China Football Association, they can play for the national football team as soon as next year.

Fei Cizhan-Tianle belongs to the excellent player who came out of Ajax youth training system. He used to be the core of the second team and often wore the captain’s armband to play. Whenever Ajax team 2 encounters a deadlock in the game, Ficzen-Tianle can stand up for the first time and put on a good show to turn the tide. Fei Cizhan-Tianle mainly plays the front waist on the court and belongs to the commander urgently needed by the national football team.

Fei Cizhan-Tianle didn’t catch up with the initial stage of the naturalization policy in China football a few years ago, so he came to play in the national football team. The main reason is that Feci Zhan-Tianle is still looking forward to his entry into the Dutch national team. However, according to his development momentum in recent seasons, it is basically impossible to knock on the door of the Orange Legion. Therefore, the most pragmatic goal of Fei Cizhan-Tianle is to play football in the national football team.

Yang Ruian is the main striker position and also has certain finishing ability. If Fei Cizhan-Tianle and Yang Ruian can be naturalized in the national football team, the hope that the national football team will hit the 2026 World Cup will be greatly increased, and both of them are willing to play in the preliminaries for China. National football fans think that if Fei Cizhan-Tianle and Yang Ruian can be naturalized smoothly, I hope they can continue to work hard in Europe instead of returning to the Super League.

Because naturalized players will only get worse and worse when they play in the Super League. Fizichan-Tianle and Yang Ruian both have the ability to play in the Dutch main force, and they can continue to play in the Dutch league. I hope these two national football favorites can become the core of the national team as soon as possible, and coach jankovic will also entrust them with important tasks. I believe that the performances of Fei Cizhan-Tianle and Yang Ruian will not disappoint the fans.

Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Overall Plan of Football Reform and Development in China

General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing China Football
Notice of the overall plan for reform and development
Guo Ban Fa [2015] No.11

各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：
　　《中国足球改革发展总体方案》已经党中央、国务院同意，现印发给你们，请认真贯彻执行。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　国务院办公厅
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2015年3月8日
　　（本文有删减）

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中国足球改革发展总体方案

　　党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为总书记的党中央把振兴足球作为发展体育运动、建设体育强国的重要任务摆上日程。习近平总书记多次指示要下决心把我国足球事业搞上去，李克强总理高度重视足球等体育事业和体育产业工作，国务院多次专题研究部署，我国足球改革发展迎来了前所未有的大好机遇。
　　足球运动具有广泛的社会影响，深受广大群众喜爱。发展和振兴足球，对提高国民身体素质、丰富文化生活、弘扬爱国主义集体主义精神、培育体育文化、发展体育产业、实现体育强国梦具有重要意义，对经济、社会、文化建设也具有积极促进作用。我国足球曾在亚洲取得良好成绩，从20世纪90年代初期开始探索发展职业足球，改革一度带来活力，但由于对足球的价值和规律认识不足，急功近利的思想行为严重，组织管理体制落后，人才匮乏，监管缺失，导致足球发展的社会基础薄弱，行业风气和竞赛秩序混乱，运动成绩持续下滑。
　　2009年以来，通过以打击假赌黑为重点的治理整顿、发展校园足球等举措，足球事业趋势向好，迎来一个新的高潮。但相对于迅速发展的世界和亚洲足球，我国足球仍全方位落后。振兴足球是建设体育强国的必然要求，也是人民群众的热切期盼。坚定不移地推进改革、振兴足球，并以此为突破口深化体育管理体制改革，是体育战线贯彻落实党的十八大和十八届二中、三中、四中全会精神，顺应人民群众新期待，提升中国体育大国形象，实现体育强国梦的实际行动。为贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署，特制定本方案。
　　一、总体要求
　　（一）指导思想。以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观为指导，全面贯彻落实党的十八大和十八届二中、三中、四中全会精神，深入学习贯彻习近平总书记系列重要讲话精神，把足球改革发展作为建设体育强国的重要举措，坚持问题导向，改革创新体制，遵循足球发展规律，弘扬中华体育精神，加强思想作风和队伍建设，努力建立专业高效、系统完备、民主开放、运转灵活、法制健全、保障有力的体制机制，推动我国足球事业不断迈上新台阶。
　　(2) Basic principles.
　　-Combining national conditions with international experience. Proceeding from the reality of Chinese football, we should learn from the experience of developed football countries, embark on a new road of football reform and development with China characteristics, and fully realize the social value and function of football.
　　-combining long-term perspective with solid foundation. Strengthen top-level design and pay attention to strategic implementation; Consolidate the population base, facilities base, management base and cultural base of football development, and make continuous efforts for a long time.
　　-combining innovation and reconstruction with problem management. Emancipate the mind, change ideas, optimize the combination of elements and innovate the development platform; Respect the law, handle the relationship between current and long-term, key and general, scale and benefit, strengthen scientific governance and solve development problems.
　　-combining the national system with the market mechanism. Give full play to the advantages of the socialist system, integrate resources and form a joint force; Give full play to the role of the market mechanism, stimulate vitality, create a fair and honest environment, and encourage the protection of equal competition.
　　-combining the development of football with the promotion of national fitness. Achieve popularization and improvement, mass football and competitive football promote each other, promote the coordinated development and all-round progress of football, promote national fitness and enhance people’s physique.
　　(3) Main objectives.Incorporate the development of football into the economic and social development plan and implement the "three-step" strategy.
　　—— Short-term goal: improve the environment and atmosphere of football development, straighten out the football management system, formulate the medium and long-term development plan of football, innovate the football management mode with China characteristics, and form a pattern of coordinated development of football career and football industry.
　　Medium-term goal: the youth football population has increased significantly, the organization and competition level of professional leagues have reached the first class in Asia, the national men’s soccer team has been among the top in Asia, and the women’s soccer team has returned to the ranks of world-class strong teams.
　　-Long-term goal: China’s football will achieve all-round development, football will become a sport in which the masses generally participate, and the whole society will form a healthy football culture; The organization and competition level of professional leagues have entered the advanced ranks in the world; Actively bid for the FIFA Men’s Football World Cup; The international competitiveness of the national men’s soccer team has improved significantly and entered the ranks of the world’s top teams.
　　Second, adjust and reform the Chinese Football Association
　　(four) clear positioning and functions.As a public welfare, widely representative, professional and authoritative corporate body in the field of national football, China Football Association is the only legal institution that represents China in international football organizations. It is mainly responsible for uniting and contacting national football forces, promoting football, cultivating football talents, formulating industry standards, developing and perfecting the professional league system, and building and managing the national football team.
　　(5) Adjust and form the Chinese Football Association.Adjust and form the Chinese Football Association according to the principles of separation of politics and society, clear rights and responsibilities, and autonomy according to law, and change the organizational structure of the Chinese Football Association and the Football Management Center of the General Administration of Sports with two brands and one team. China Football Association is decoupled from the General Administration of Sports, and has autonomy in internal organization setting, work plan formulation, financial and salary management, personnel management and international professional exchanges.
　　(6) Optimize the leading bodies.There is no administrative level for the Chinese Football Association, and the composition of its leading body should be broadly representative and professional, consisting of representatives from the sports administrative department of the State Council, local and industry football associations, professional league organizations, well-known football professionals, social figures and experts.
　　(7) Improve the internal management mechanism.Improve the internal governance structure, power operation procedures and working rules of the Chinese Football Association, and establish a mechanism in which decision-making power, execution power and supervision power are mutually restricted and coordinated. Strengthen self-construction, recruit talents, absorb outstanding talents in football, sports management, economy, law, international professional exchanges and other fields to enrich the work team and improve the quality of personnel; Strengthen industry self-discipline and focus on solving problems in the field of football; Enhance service awareness and overcome the tendency of administration. The Chinese Football Association operates in accordance with the corporate mechanism, implements financial disclosure, and is subject to audit and supervision.
　　(eight) improve the management system of the association.Members of the Chinese Football Association should reflect geographical coverage and industry universality. Local and professional football associations are adjusted and established with reference to the management system of the Chinese Football Association. They join the Chinese Football Association in the name of members in accordance with its articles of association and accept the guidance and management of the Chinese Football Association. Local and professional football associations are responsible for the construction, competition, training, development and publicity of various football activities of their own regions and industries. Through hard work, an association management system covering the whole country, with complete organization, efficient management and strong cooperation, has been gradually formed to meet the needs of modern football management and operation.
　　(9) Strengthen Party leadership.Improve the party organizations of football associations at all levels, and strengthen the ideological and political work and daily management of cadres in accordance with the principle of party management of cadres and talent policy. The Chinese Football Association has set up a Party Committee, which is led by the Party Group of the General Administration of Sports.
　　Third, reform and improve the construction and operation mode of professional football clubs
　　(ten) to promote the healthy and stable development of the club.Strict access, standardized management of professional football clubs, and give full play to their main position and important role in professional leagues. Clubs should pay attention to their own construction, improve rules and regulations, strengthen self-discipline management, abide by industry rules, actively assume social responsibilities and accept social supervision. Encourage local governments to create conditions to guide a number of excellent clubs to be relatively stable in cities with good football foundation and strong representativeness and demonstration of football development, avoid the phenomenon that clubs frequently move between cities with the change of investors and lack stable support, and actively cultivate stable fan groups and urban football culture.
　　(11) Optimize the ownership structure of the club.We will implement diversified investment by the government, enterprises and individuals, encourage the local government of the club to invest in shares with resources such as football venues, form a reasonable investment source structure, promote the regionalization of the club, and encourage qualified clubs to gradually realize the non-enterprise name. Improve the corporate governance structure of the club, speed up the construction of modern enterprise system, base on long-term and systematic planning, and strive to build a century-old club.
　　(XII) Promote the club to form a reasonable talent structure.Formulate the norms of talent introduction and salary management in clubs, explore the implementation of the total salary management of teams and players, and effectively prevent players from being worth too much and disorderly competition. Study the relevant policies and decision-making mechanisms such as the quota limit for introducing high-level foreign aid, and handle the relationship between the introduction of foreign aid and the training of local players. Strengthen the management of the club’s labor contract, severely investigate and deal with illegal acts such as "yin-yang contract", and promptly correct the unpaid wages. Adjust the transfer fee policy of club athletes to reduce the burden on the club.
　　Four, improve the football competition system and professional league system.
　　(XIII) Strengthen the design of competition system.Improve the competition structure, expand the scale of the competition, increase the types of competitions, and gradually form a competition pattern with stable competition system, clear grades, orderly connection and all over urban and rural areas. In particular, we should pay attention to the organic connection of professional leagues, regional level events, youth level events and campus football events to realize the scientific competition structure. Gradually establish and improve the youth league system. Actively advocate and organize industry, community, enterprise, army, middle-aged and elderly people, five-a-side system, beach football and other events.
　　(14) Adjust and form the professional league council.Establish a professional league Council with independent corporate status, be responsible for organizing and managing professional leagues, and reasonably construct the league system of Super League, China A and China B. The Chinese Football Association supervises the board of directors from the aspects of basic policy system, club access review, discipline and arbitration, and decisions on major issues, and sends representatives to serve on the board. The Council sent representatives to the Chinese Football Association to participate in the discussion and decision-making on relevant issues.
　　(fifteen) improve the competition reward system.Formulate reward standards that are in line with the characteristics of football and different from other sports.
　　(sixteen) to maintain the order of the competition.Adhere to fair competition and establish a good competition style. Competition organizations and sports administrative departments will strengthen management together with public security organs, perform their respective duties and improve security measures. The public security organs are responsible for strengthening the supervision of the safety order of football matches, organizing the management and maintenance of public order at the match site and surrounding areas, and cracking down on illegal and criminal activities according to law. Guide the fans to watch the game in a civilized way and abide by the law.
　　(seventeen) to strengthen industry management.Improve the restraint mechanism for referees to enforce the law fairly and for coaches and athletes to abide by the law. Strictly guard against and severely investigate violations of discipline in the football industry, and improve the system and mechanism of disciplinary punishment and industry relief. The football management department should strengthen cooperation with the public security law and other aspects, establish and improve the illegal reporting mechanism and closely linked cooperation mechanism, effectively prevent, timely detect and resolutely crack down on illegal and criminal acts such as fake gambling.
　　(eighteen) to promote international exchanges.Promote China football to actively participate in international football matches, enhance exchanges and improve the level. Study and promote the bidding for the FIFA Men’s Football World Cup.
　　V. Reform and Promote the Development of Campus Football
　　(nineteen) to play the role of football education.Deepen the reform of school physical education, cultivate all-round talents, take campus football as a basic project to expand the football population, consolidate the foundation of football talents, improve students’ comprehensive quality and promote the healthy growth of teenagers, enhance the recognition and support of parents and society, let more young students love and enjoy football, and make participating in football an effective way to experience and adapt to social rules and moral norms.
　　(twenty) to promote the popularization of campus football.Primary and secondary schools around the country have included football in the teaching content of physical education class, increasing the proportion of class hours. Promote popularization with supporting features, and give priority support to primary and secondary schools with good foundation and high enthusiasm. On the basis of the existing more than 5,000 schools in primary and secondary schools nationwide, there will be 20,000 in 2020 and 50,000 in 2025, among which women’s football schools account for a certain proportion. Improve the insurance mechanism, promote the government to purchase services, improve the level of campus football security, and relieve the worries of students, parents and schools.
　　(twenty-one) to promote the common development of cultural learning and football skills.Strengthen the teaching management of cultural courses for football special students, improve the examination enrollment policy, and encourage students to actively participate in football learning and training for a long time. Allow football specialty students to flow reasonably within a certain range when they are enrolled in higher education, and obtain a good special development environment.
　　(twenty-two) to promote the large-scale growth of young football talents.Promote the establishment of campus football teams in universities, primary and secondary schools, pay close attention to improving the normalized and vertical and horizontal football competition system in universities, high schools, junior high schools and primary schools, and explore the inclusion of college football competition results in the evaluation system of college sports work.
　　(twenty-three) expand the teaching staff.Through training existing full-time and part-time football teachers and recruiting, we will improve the level of teaching coaches and encourage the introduction of overseas high-level football coaches. By 2020, we will complete a round of training for 50,000 full-time and part-time football teachers on campus. Improve policies and measures, strengthen professional education, and create conditions for retired athletes to change jobs and physical education teachers.
　　Sixth, popularize the development of social football
　　(twenty-four) to promote the popularization of football.Adhere to the people-oriented principle, promote the accelerated development of social football, and constantly expand the football population. Encourage organs, institutions, people’s organizations, troops and enterprises to form or jointly form football teams and carry out colorful social football activities. Pay attention to supporting the development of social football from the aspects of funds, venues, time, competitions and coaching. Trade unions, the Communist Youth League, women’s federations and other people’s organizations give full play to their respective advantages and promote the development of social football.
　　(twenty-five) to promote social football and professional football to promote each other.Through the continuous increase of social football population and the continuous improvement of its level, it has laid a solid mass foundation and talent foundation for the development of professional football. By accelerating the development of professional football, we can promote the popularization and improvement of social football.
　　Seven, improve the development mode of football professional training.
　　(twenty-six) to expand the growth channels and space for football players.Strengthen the training, improve the selection mechanism, and cultivate excellent football players through multiple channels. Enhance the awareness of talent training in campus football and social football, broaden the horizons of professional football candidates, and smooth the growth channels of outstanding young talents from campus football, social football to professional football. Do a good job in combining physical education with education, strengthen cultural education, temper will and edify personality, and promote the all-round development of football players. Encourage football clubs, enterprises and other social forces to send professional players and young players to receive training in developed football countries, and strive to become a high-level professional league abroad.
　　(twenty-seven) to strengthen the training of football professionals.In accordance with the principle of grading and classified management, we will build a multi-level and diversified training organizational structure for countries, regions, industries, professional institutions and social forces, and strengthen the training of professional talents such as football coaches, referees and lecturers. Give full play to the role of sports colleges and sports research institutes in football theoretical research and football professional training. Strengthen international exchanges and introduce a group of high-level foreign lecturers to carry out large-scale training for coaches, referees and lecturers in China.
　　(twenty-eight) to strengthen the training of football management personnel.Strengthen the professional strength of football associations, clubs and other organizations at all levels, and improve the quality and work level of personnel. Create a professional and international management team that meets the needs of modern football management.
　　(twenty-nine) the establishment of professional football colleges and schools.To meet the needs of cultivating football talents, we should set up a football college relying on qualified undergraduate colleges and actively explore the establishment of a new football school with close integration of culture, education and football.
　　(30) Do a good job in transferring football players to jobs.Coordinate the market mechanism and policy guidance, build a platform for the re-employment and re-development of football players, and support them to serve as football coaches, referees and lecturers after necessary training and assessment, or become the backbone of mass football activities in enterprises, institutions and troops, or enter football associations and football clubs to engage in football management and service.
　　Eight, promote the reform and development of the national football team
　　(31) Carefully build the national team.Give full play to the advantages of the system, strengthen organizational leadership, enhance the sense of national honor and social responsibility, carry forward the spirit of Chinese sports, build a national football team with exquisite skills, tenacious style, be able to fight tough battles and win glory for the country, and inspire people’s confidence, stimulate young people’s enthusiasm and promote the development of national football with excellent performance. Intensify the reform, form a technical route that conforms to the physical and mental characteristics of players and the development trend of contemporary football, and steadily improve the level of the national team.
　　(thirty-two) improve the team selection mechanism.Adhere to the current situation, focus on continuity, pay equal attention to technology and style, adhere to openness, equality and competition, and give priority to selecting outstanding players with strong desire to serve the country and first-class will to enter the national team. Players of the national team are recruited from professional clubs, and through the dynamic selection mechanism, the national team formed at any time can become the best team with the best participation status, technical and tactical ability and cooperation at that time. Strengthen the reserve talents of the national team, improve the mechanism for discovering and selecting young football talents, establish a database of top young players and track them for a long time, and dynamically adjust the list of candidates.
　　(thirty-three) improve the service guarantee ability.Strengthen the protection of the national team’s funding, incentive policies, base construction, logistics services, intelligence information, etc., and improve the service level. Two new national football training bases will be built to meet the competition and training needs of the national team in different seasons. Hire high-level professionals at home and abroad to carry out in-depth research on football theory, skills and tactics, medical rehabilitation and team management, and give play to the guiding and supporting role of scientific research in the national team.
　　(thirty-four) to strengthen the construction of coaching team.Establish a strict and standardized selection, assessment and evaluation mechanism for national team coaches and management teams, and strengthen contract management. The head coach responsibility system shall be implemented, and the coaches’ team and management service team shall be assessed for their term goals, so that responsibilities and rights and interests shall be clear, and incentives and constraints shall be in place.
　　(35) coordinating the needs of the national team and the club.Scientifically formulate the work planning and management system of the national team in line with China’s national conditions and the laws of professional football. Improve the coordination system between the national team and professional leagues and other leagues at all levels, and comprehensively grasp the national team’s competition cycle and domestic competition arrangements. The club should focus on the overall situation and fully support the construction of the national team.
　　Nine, strengthen the management of football field construction
　　(thirty-six) to expand the number of football venues.Study and formulate the national football field construction plan. Incorporate the construction of football fields into the overall planning of urbanization and new rural construction, clarify the rigid requirements, and organize the implementation by governments at all levels. Construct football fields according to local conditions, make full use of urban and rural wasteland, idle land, parks, forest belts, roofs, civil air defense projects, etc., and build a large number of simple and practical non-standard football fields. Create conditions to meet the venue requirements of campus football activities.
　　(thirty-seven) to give policy support to the construction of football venues.Preferential policies in land, taxation and finance should be implemented for social capital to invest in football field construction.
　　(thirty-eight) to improve the operational capacity and comprehensive benefits of the site facilities.In accordance with the principle of separation of management and operation and non-profit, professional social organizations or enterprises are invited to manage and operate public football fields through entrustment and purchase of services, so as to promote public football fields to be opened to the public at low prices or free of charge. Promote the school football field to be open to the society at low price or free of charge after class, and establish a sharing mechanism between the school and the society.
　　X. Improve the input mechanism
　　(39) Increase financial input.Governments at all levels should increase investment in football, which is mainly used for field construction, campus football, youth football, women’s football, national team building, teaching and scientific research, etc. Sports, education and other departments should be inclined to the reform and development of football when arranging relevant funds.
　　(forty) the establishment of China Football Development Foundation.As a non-profit legal person, the Foundation carries out fundraising, accepts donations and subsidizes football public welfare activities according to law. Encourage all kinds of enterprises, institutions, social forces and individuals to donate, and the donated funds can be deducted when calculating the taxable income of enterprise income tax and individual income tax according to law. The foundation operates in accordance with the articles of association, strengthens information disclosure in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and accepts social supervision.
　　(forty-one) increase the lottery public welfare fund to support the development of football.Every year, some funds are arranged from the central centralized lottery public welfare fund to support the China Football Development Foundation, which is specially used to support the training of young football talents and football public welfare activities. Actively study and promote the issuance of football lottery tickets with China Football Professional League as the quiz object.
　　(forty-two) to strengthen the development of football industry.Strengthen the development and protection of football intangible assets, build an all-round and whole-process football industry chain by building competition brands, developing football accessory products, cultivating football service market, and exploring the integrated development of football industry and related industries, so as to continuously increase the income of football industry and form a pattern in which various economic sectors jointly set up football industry.
　　(forty-three) to increase the market development of Chinese Football Association.Continuously increase the market development income of leagues, cups, national teams, etc. Accelerate the rationalization of the relationship with subordinate business companies, transform subordinate companies according to the modern enterprise system, make them gradually become real market players, and introduce new competitors to establish a market-oriented and equal competition pattern.
　　(forty-four) to establish a market competition mechanism for TV broadcasting rights of football matches.Innovate the mechanism to realize the orderly competition of TV broadcasting rights of football matches. Reform the income distribution mechanism of broadcasting rights of football matches to ensure that the organizers and participants of the matches become the main beneficiaries. Innovate the broadcast and promotion operation mode of football matches, explore the realization form of the integration and development of traditional media and new media in the football field, and increase the market income of new media.
　　(45) Encourage social forces to develop football.Guide powerful well-known enterprises and individuals to invest in professional football clubs, sponsor football matches and public welfare projects, play a demonstration and leading role in supporting football, and broaden the sources of funds for club and football development.
　　Eleven, strengthen the leadership of football work.
　　(forty-six) the establishment of inter-ministerial joint conference system of football reform and development.In order to continuously promote the reform and development of football and ensure the implementation of this plan, an inter-ministerial joint meeting system for football reform and development is established. The General Administration of Sport should strengthen policy research and macro guidance on football reform and development. The Ministry of Education should fulfill the responsibility of campus football supervisor. All parties should perform their duties, do their part, do their best and cooperate with each other to jointly promote the reform and development of football.
　　(forty-seven) the football work into the important work schedule.All localities put the reform and development of football on the important agenda, emancipate their minds, make clear their goals, pay close attention to implementation, integrate resources, coordinate their efforts, explore boldly and form their own characteristics. Local sports administrative departments at all levels are responsible for supporting the work of local football associations and promoting the development of football in the region.
　　(forty-eight) to strengthen the football industry style and the rule of law.Strengthen the ideological and moral education and professional ethics education in the field of football, strengthen the tempering of the spirit style and will quality of sports teams, cultivate the style of patriotic dedication, perseverance and unity, and strive to form a spiritual force that encourages the development and revitalization of football in China and is beneficial to social harmony and progress. Adapt to the needs of football development and the characteristics of the industry, improve the relevant national laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the football industry, and lay a solid institutional foundation for football governance. Form a football legal education system, law enforcement and supervision system that pays equal attention to prevention and punishment, and establish a fair and transparent legal environment.
　　(forty-nine) to create a good public opinion environment.Publicize and guide the masses to objectively understand the current situation of football, establish reasonable expectations and treat winning or losing rationally. Innovate football propaganda methods, strengthen football-related news management and public opinion guidance, and maximize the consensus on football reform and development.
　　(50) Play a typical leading role.Select a number of places and cities with good football foundation, good conditions for developing football and high work enthusiasm, strengthen support and guidance, sum up and promote the typical experience of football reform and development, and promote the improvement from point to area.

Director of the State Sports General Administration： The level of men’s football in China has been declining all the way, and serious problems in the field of football have been resolutely cracked dow

　　Source: Shangguan News

　　Liberation Daily Shangguan Journalist Mao Guanjuan Hong Junjie Wang Xianle Liu Xueyan Hu Xingyang Zhou Chengyi

　　On the morning of March 12th, the first meeting of the 14th National People’s Congress held an interview in the Great Hall of the People. Gao Zhidan, director of the State Sports General Administration, Kang Yi, director of the National Bureau of Statistics, and Wang Guanghua, minister of natural resources were interviewed.

　　In response to a question about how to comprehensively promote the development of the "three big balls", Gao Zhidan said that the collective ball games of football, basketball and volleyball have a large population and great social influence, and are deeply loved by the broad masses of the people, especially teenagers. The results of the three big balls are not only the outcome of a game, but also the spirit of collectivism and patriotism.

　　Gao Zhidan said that China’s "three big balls", especially women’s events, have achieved good results in the world. China women’s football team has won the runner-up in the Olympic Games and the World Cup, and is known as the "sonorous rose". China women’s basketball team won medals in the Olympic Games and world championships in 1980s and 1990s, and won the runner-up in the World Cup last year, showing a good momentum of continuous progress and development. China women’s volleyball team, which has been tempered through hard training, has struggled from generation to generation, winning the world championship 10 times in three world competitions and winning honor for the motherland.

　　However, realistically speaking, for a long time, the development of China’s three major sports, especially men’s events, was not satisfactory, and the level of men’s football declined all the way. There were many chaos in the football industry, which was in sharp contrast with the requirements and expectations of the CPC Central Committee and the people all over the country. It is a sign of a sports power that the three major goals should be achieved, and it is also a short board that we must make up to speed up the construction of a sports power.

　　"Recently, in view of the serious problems in the field of football, we have been deeply rethinking the methods and ways to solve them, and systematically treating them from the aspects of ideological education, work style construction, deepening reform, and doing a good job in current work, so as to regain the spirit of the Long March and do all the work in a down-to-earth manner." Gao Zhidan said, we should focus on the outstanding problems in the current work of the three big balls, such as the lack of spirit and the lack of hard work style, persist in changing the work style, strengthen responsibility and implement it, resolutely crack down on corruption and fake gambling in football and other fields, set a good example for discipline, improve the system and strengthen the rules, and comprehensively repair the good ecology of the healthy and sustainable development of the three big balls.

　　Column Editor: Zhang Jun Text Editor: Wang Xianle

The Red Army lost the chain, and Manchester United grabbed four worries; Arsenal lost in a row, and Manchester City won the championship without fighting; Tottenham Hotspur rout

After 90 minutes’ whistle, firmino’s eyes were filled with tears. After waiting on the bench for a season, "Deric Wan of Brazil" who was about to bid farewell to Anfield finally came to say goodbye! Against Aston Villa, in this "win-only" game, Liverpool fell behind at home in the 27th minute, but it was Salah, Gakpo, Diaz, jota and Fan Dike who gnashed their teeth at the gate guarded by Martin, and could not knock on the goal guarded by the World Cup champion. Until the 72nd minute, desperate klopp changed into firmino to fight the trapped beast. Sure enough, Brazil’s old handsome boy didn’t live up to klopp’s high hopes: in the 89th minute, firmino took the right cross from old comrade-in-arms Salah and volleyed the ball into the goal! One to one! Even the score! ……

However, what Liverpool need is victory! Only by winning can Liverpool keep that faint hope in the fourth world war. Unfortunately, there is only one firmino, so there is not much time left for Deric Wan, Brazil. When the whistle blew, Liverpool had to accept a draw that was close to failure at Anfield. Three points behind in one more game, grabbing four opponents Newcastle and Manchester United only need to get one point in the next to harvest tickets for next season’s Champions League. Klopp, on the other hand, can only feel helplessly that "the child died and came to nurse", and the seven-game winning streak came too late. However, what is even more annoyed than this, just "came to nurse" and choked back, and fell off the chain when it came to the heel! In the last battle of the season, klopp’s team played against Southampton, a demoted saint. Did they vent their anger on their opponents or let them go at home? But to be honest, it depends on whether Liverpool players who "lost" the qualification of the Champions League can be interested in the Europa League. After all, Brighton behind him is also eyeing this qualification.

After the game, Tenghager, who learned that Liverpool had lost the chain at home and won a draw, may finally be able to put down a big stone in his heart for the time being. He is like a mirror in his heart. Liverpool’s desperate pursuit is definitely threatened most directly by his own Manchester United. With Ka Cermino scoring the only goal against Bournemouth with a wonderful volley barb like a big center, Manchester United is three points ahead of Liverpool in one game. With only one round left in the league, Manchester United only needs to score one point in the last two games to make its arch-enemy Liverpool beat their hearts out! For Tenghage, it is gratifying to win a Carling Cup in the new season, but the qualification for the Champions League is the most important thing, which is not only the face of the giants, but also the real money! For Manchester United fans, what is more comfortable than stepping on the body of a deadly enemy? Therefore, at least one point in two rounds, which is a task that Teng Hager must complete, is actually not too difficult …

The Red Army dropped its own chain to "assist" Tenghage, who basically held the tickets for next season’s Champions League in his hands, while Arsenal’s small guns capsized in the gutter, completely ruining the last hope of this year’s vigorous championship struggle! As long as you win, you can wait for Manchester City to make mistakes in succession. Even if this waiting is full of luck, the lucky "hope" is also a kind of hope! However, Arsenal lost! From four points behind in one game to four points behind in two rounds, I completely strangled this "lucky" hope with one game left and died in my own hands. On the contrary, it gave Lampard new hope. After all, now that Manchester City has won the championship without fighting, Guardiola may be able to work unscrupulously again, and Lampard’s second visit to the palace may not end so ugly.

With Awoniyi’s goal in the 19th minute, Nottingham Forest beat Arsenal, which led the standings for 247 days this season and almost failed Guardiola’s defending title, 1-0, and won the precious three points needed for relegation. Not surprisingly, this newly promoted horse with the longest history and a glorious history is basically safe to stay in the Premier League next season. Guardiola, on the other hand, almost confessed to his apprentice Artta a month ago, but now he has returned from the Champions League victory over Real Madrid to find that he won the championship without playing! It’s so amazing that the Premier League won three consecutive titles "without any effort"! Thanks to Artta, it helped Manchester City attract a season’s firepower, and also helped Manchester City eliminate a number of rivals for the championship, and finally handed over the championship! Why don’t I give you another Rappolt next season? Mendy will do!

Who is the most depressed this season? Perhaps it is not Arteta who led for almost a season but fell short in the final stage. Lao Tan thought that perhaps the most depressing thing this season was the Jewish old man named Levi at Tottenham! In the final analysis, the final stage of Arteta fell short because of the gap in overall strength, and it has actually exceeded everyone’s expectations to hit this position today; Tottenham Hotspur, a Jewish old pickpocket, also played a "heroic" game under the fool of Confucius in summer, throwing hundreds of millions of prisoners to Richarlyson, Danjuma, Pericic, Foster, Langlais, spence … The result is good, but the buyer also abruptly snatched the Champions League tickets from Arsenal with the help of Sun Kai’s combination, and after buying a lot of people for hundreds of millions of pounds, he even lost the qualification to grab the fourth place! This is not, lost again! 1-3 loss to brentford, even lost the qualification of "grabbing five"! Next season, don’t even qualify for the Champions League, not even the Europa League! Even the qualification for the UEFA Cup is in doubt! Seeing the silver turn into water, Levi’s depression can be imagined. Especially looking at the Brazilian striker Richarlyson who scored a goal in one season but spent 60 million pounds, he must be even more angry …

The Premier League has finally come to an end: Manchester City’s third consecutive championship is coming, and Manchester United will return to the Champions League. Although the Arsenal gunners "lost a good game", they still let people see the hope of re-emergence. The "pragmatic" magpie shows us that "local tyrants" also have different ways of playing; Liverpool, which is about to lose the qualification of the Champions League, need not complain. At least it has kept its chivalrous reputation of killing the rich and helping the poor. At least Nottingham Forest and Bournemouth can avoid relegation thanks to the Red Army! Of course, you don’t have to be depressed when Jews are always picking Levi. Your more than one billion pounds is actually nothing. Think about the Americans and Chelsea, and everything will become light and delicious …

# Premier League # # Manchester City # # Manchester United # # Liverpool # # Headline Creation Challenge #

Infrastructure for training AI to solve common problems

In order to train artificial intelligence models that can solve common problems, infrastructure is needed to provide support. These infrastructures are usually composed of hardware, software and tools to improve the efficiency and accuracy of model training. This article will introduce the infrastructure for training AI to solve common problems.

I. Hardware infrastructure

When training artificial intelligence models, it is usually necessary to use high-performance computing hardware to provide support. The following are several common hardware infrastructures:

  1. CPU: The central processing unit (CPU) is a general-purpose computing hardware, which can be used to run various types of software, including artificial intelligence models. Although the performance of CPU is relatively low, it is still useful in training small models or debugging.

  2. GPU: A graphics processor is a special computing hardware, which is usually used to process images and videos. Because of its highly parallel structure, GPU can provide higher computing performance than CPU when training artificial intelligence models, so it is widely used.

  3. TPU: Tensor processor is a kind of hardware specially used for artificial intelligence computing, developed by Google. The performance of TPU is higher than that of GPU, and it is suitable for large-scale artificial intelligence model training and reasoning.

Second, the software infrastructure

In addition to hardware infrastructure, some software tools are needed to support the training of artificial intelligence model. The following are some common software infrastructures:

  1. Operating system: Artificial intelligence models usually need to run on an operating system, such as Linux, Windows or macOS.

  2. Development environment: Development environment usually includes programming language, editor and integrated development environment (IDE) for writing and testing artificial intelligence models. Common development environments include Python, TensorFlow, PyTorch and Jupyter Notebook.

  3. Frames and libraries: Frames and libraries provide some common artificial intelligence model algorithms and data processing tools, making model development and training more convenient. Common frameworks and libraries include TensorFlow, PyTorch, Keras and Scikit-Learn.

Third, the tool infrastructure

In addition to the hardware and software infrastructure, some tools are needed to support the training of artificial intelligence models. The following are several common tool infrastructures:

Dataset tool: Dataset tool is used to process and prepare training datasets, such as data cleaning, preprocessing, format conversion, etc. Common data set tools include Pandas, NumPy and SciPy.

2 Visualization tools: Visualization tools are used to visualize the training process and results to help users better understand the performance and behavior of the model. Common visualization tools include Matplotlib, Seaborn and Plotly.

Automatic parameter tuning tool: The automatic parameter tuning tool is used to optimize the parameters of the model to improve the performance and accuracy of the model. Common automatic parameter tuning tools include Optuna, Hyperopt and GridSearchCV.

In short, training artificial intelligence models to solve common problems requires the use of a variety of infrastructures, including hardware, software and tools. These infrastructures are designed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of model training, so that the model can better solve various practical problems. In practical application, users need to choose the appropriate infrastructure according to specific requirements and data characteristics, and design and implement it accordingly.